Topology optimization methods based on nonlinear and dynamic crash simulations

Topology optimization for crashworthiness has been investigated during the last years, starting from methods based on linear elastic and static simulations [1] or so-called equivalent static loads (ESL) obtained by a single nonlinear crash simulation with a subsequent optimization loop based on the linear stiffness matrix and the corresponding sensitivities [2, 3]. Both methods do not consider material nonlinearities in their optimization process, which are essential for structural components designed for energy absorption, although it is well-known that plasticity and failure play an important role.